Page 45 - Year 10

History: Nazi Dictatorship: 3 of 4 History: Life in Nazi Germany: 4 of 4

Reichstag Fire Police State Key words Young people Employment
30/1/33 Hitler = Chancellor, but limited by Weimar Constitution Police were controlled by central and local govt, so Hitler set up his own Concordat – deal that Catholic Church could remain Hitler aimed to create the Thousand Year Reich (Nazi state to 1933 25% of labour force (5m people) unemployed; Hitler feared unemployed people may support Communists; also wanted Germany to be
power of President Hindenburg. police / security forces run by Nazi party to keep control. independent as long as priests swore loyalty to Hitler survive for a v long time), so policies for young people aimed more productive. By 1939 unemployment reduced to 0.3m
27/2/33 Reichstag building destroyed by fire. Dutch Communist SS originally run by Himmler with 240 men = Hitler’s personal body guard, Enabling Act – Law which took powers from to strengthen Germany and Nazi party now and in future. Labour Service (RAD) created jobs for unemployed providing public services (eg fixing roads, planting trees). This was voluntary at first, but
Van der Lubbe caught (possibly framed by Goerring?). VdL During 1930s expanded to 240,000, in charge of all police and Reichstag and gave to Chancellor Hitler thought he could make young people loyal, even if compulsory for 6 months for young unemployed from 1935. Organised like the army: uniforms, parades, lived in camps. Pay and working
claimed be was working alone, but Hitler said it was a communist security forces. SS did not have to act within the law. Gestapo – secret police some adults were not. Propaganda designed to make Hitler conditions v poor.
plot – used this as excuse to attack communists. SS led by Heydrich, kept information about everyone suspected of opposing Propaganda – information presented in a way to appear as a father figure to all German children. Autobahn (motorway) project. By 1935 125,000 men employed building motorways. Also public buildings, bridges, sports facilities. This
Triggered Article 40 (state of emergency) 4,000 Communists Nazis make a political point (eg Hitler is great / Jews are Nazi youth groups set up in 1920s, but less members than created jobs, also made G economy more successful
arrested immediately. Called election and used new powers to Gestapo (secret police) led by Heydrich from 1936. Identified any evil) other groups (1932: 600,000 Protestant youth group; 100,000 Rearmament (rebuilding G armed forces). Hitler defied limit on German army from Treaty of Versailles. 1935 military conscription; 1939 1.36m
ignore SA violence. Nazis won more Reichstag seats, and took 81 opposition; spied on people and Totalitarian State – country where one group / Nazi youth groups). 1933 all non-Nazi youth groups banned, soldiers in German army. Also massive investment in industry to produce weapons and military equipment.
Communist seats = 2/3 majority required to change constitution. tapped phones; used torture to gain confessions; dawn raids; sent people person controls everything (politics, media, police, young people pressured to join Nazi groups; 1939 all German Some historians argue that unemployment figures were low because women/Jews stopped from working (but not counted as unemployed),
Enabling Act to concentration camps. Only 30,000 Gestapo policing a population of 80m, army, etc) young people (except undesirables) forced to join from age and men forced to do bad jobs working in Labour Service or public works – supported by huge government spending, which could not have
New laws introduced in March 1933 to take power away from but used fear to control people. Trade Union – collective group representing rights of 10. continued for long.
Reichstag. Chancellor’s cabinet (led by Hitler) could propose new By 1939 150,000 people in concentration camps: political opponents, workers Hitler Youth: boys aged 6-18 swore loyalty to Hitler; taught
laws, these laws did not need to be approved by Reichstag. SS minority groups (eg Jews), undesirables (eg homosexuals). Dachau was first, about Nazi ideas, German heroes and evil Jews; had to report Living Standards Key words
Stormtroopers intimidated opponents, vote passed by Reichstag opened in 1933. parents / teachers who were disloyal to Hitler; regular hiking Overall wages increased under Nazi rule, but so did prices. Higher earners could afford luxuries (eg Conscription – forcing
= end of democratic rule. Legal system: all judges had to support Nazi ideas or they were removed; and sports activities to make young people fit and healthy; number of car owners x3 in 1930s); lower earners struggled to pay for essentials like food. Working hours people to join the army
Removing opposition Judges decide innocence/guilt, not jury. 1930-32 8 people sentenced to military training (eg map reading, 1938 1.2m boys taught to increased for 43 hours per week in 1933 to 49 hours in 1939. Deportation – expelling a
Trade Unions (workers’ organisations banned, officials death for political crimes; 1934-39 534. use guns); activities to make them loyal and tough. Nazis set up organisations to improve standard of living for workers: person / group from a
arrested, strikes made illegal. At first Hitler tried to get Christian churches to work with the Nazis and League of German Maidens: 10-21 year old girls took part in Trade unions replaced by Labour Front which protected country
Other political parties offices attacked, newspapers banned, support them, but this failed. similar political activities to boys (eg rallies and oath of rights of workers (eg minimum pay, maximum working hours). But hours increased, and workers lost right Eugenics – managing who
money confiscated. July 1933 all parties except NSDAP (Nazi) Catholics were loyal to Pope not Hitler. July1933 loyalty), and did some physical activities to build character to negotiate pay. Labour Front focused on the interests of the Nazi state, not workers or business owners. reproduces in attempt to
made illegal. Concordat with the Pope, Hitler agreed that Catholics could worship freely and strength. But otherwise activities for girls different: (no Strength Through Joy (KdF), benefits for workers: cheap leisure/sports events, holidays. 35m workers control racial / physical
Local governments (parliament in each region) banned Jan 1934 – and run Catholic schools in return for priests swearing loyalty to Nazi Party. military training); trained to cook, iron, sew, prepare for joined. purity
regions to be run by governors appointed by Hitler. But he did not keep the promise: Priests were arrested and sent to motherhood; taught the importance of only marrying an Volkswagen (people’s car) designed, workers encouraged to pay 5marks per week to eventually buy a Hitler Youth – Nazi youth
Night of the Long Knives concentration camps, Catholic schools closed. Aryan man. cheap car – though factory started making weapons not cars in 1938. Beauty of Labour campaigned for movement, organised
better facilities for workers.
Hitler thought that Rohm (leader of the SA) was a threat to his Some Protestants were glad that Hitler had saved Germany from anti- Nazis took control of education to ensure that young people activities for children and
power. 3m SA stormtroopers (of whom 60% unemployed, so Christian communists. Prot churches which wanted to work with Nazis taught to follow Hitler and be good Nazis. 1933 law passed to “brainwashed” them
angry) were loyal to Rohm – more troops than the army. combined to form Reich Church: could carry on preaching, some displayed allow sacking of any teachers who opposed Nazis; teachers Persecution of the Jews Living standards – quality of
Rohm also criticised Hitler’s close links with rich industrialists and Swastika in churches. forced to swear oath of loyalty to Hitler; 200,000 given 477,000 Jews in Germany in 1933, 1% of population. Nazis used propaganda and education to present life for people
Jews as enemies of G and began to change laws (eg banned from certain jobs, some councils provided
army generals. Himmler and Heydrich (leaders of the SS) wanted But some Prots opposed, and even openly criticised Nazis: Martin training in separate yellow benches for Jews). Persecution – attacking a
to increase power of SS by weakening SA. Niemoller. teaching Nazi ideas. Swastikas on classroom walls, lesson 1933 boycott of Jewish shops and businesses – SA particular group in society
30 June 1934 Hitler arranged a meeting of Rohm and 100 SA Germany was becoming a totalitarian state: Hitler controlled Reichstag, start/finish with “Heil Hitler” and Nazi salute. painted yellow stars on Jewish businesses and stood outside discouraging people from using them. Rearmament- building up
leaders. They were arrested and shot. Nazi Party, army, police, legal system, church. Changes to school curriculum (what students learned): new Nuremberg Laws (1935): Jews = subjects not citizens, so lost right to vote, have a passport; forced to wear the army
Some Germans opposed this violence, but most resented violence subjects eg Race studies; more physical education; girls a yellow star; not allowed to marry or have sex with Germans Strength through Joy –
of the SA and convinced by Goerring that Rohm had Controlling attitudes studied different subjects eg cookery; all textbooks (especially 1938 had to register all possessions (so easier for Nazis to confiscate them) and carry ID cards organisation that gave
been planning a revolution Joseph Goebbels was responsible for Nazi propaganda (newspapers, posters, radio, film), to control the attitudes of the German people. history) had to be approved by Nazis, eg Treaty of Versailles 9 November 1938: After a young Jew shot and killed a German; Goebbels used this to stir up hatred rewards
2 August 1934 President Hindenburg dies. Hitler declared himself Newspapers which opposed Nazis were closed (1,600 in 1935), those that remained were censored (told by party what they could/not described as “stab in the back” in school books; traditional against Jews in Hannover, then across Germany. Nazis / benefits to workers
Fuhrer, with combined powers of Chancellor and President. All publish). subjects eg maths changed to promote Nazi ideas (eg maths encouraged to attack Jews and their property, police told not to stop these attacks. SA, Hitler Youth and Thousand Year Reich – idea
soldiers had to swear oath of loyalty to him. Public vote: lots of From 1933 all radios were censored and used to broadcast Nazi propaganda. Hitler and other Nazis made regular broadcasts, mass questions that looked at the cost of undesirables such as general public attacked on Kristallnacht (night of broken glass). +110 killed, 191 synagogues and 814 of a Nazi totalitarian state
Nazi propaganda 90% voted in favour of Hitler as Chancellor, end produced radios v cheap (1939 70% of German homes had one), could not pick up foreign radio stations. Goebbels had used mass rallies disabled people). Jewish shops destroyed. Goebbels blamed Jews for starting the trouble, fined 1bn marks to pay for which exists for a very long
of Weimar Republic. The Third Reich had begun. in election campaigns of 1920/30s. In Third Reich he made these bigger and more frequent. Mass rally held in Nuremberg each year to damage and 20,000 Jews sent to concentration camps. January 1939 Heydrich and gestapo given task of time.
show strength of Nazi Germany and display national unity – in 1934 deportation of all Jews from Germany.
+200,000 attended.