Page 48 - Year 10 Knowledge Organiser

History: Medicine Through Time (Industrial): 3 of 5

Factors New preventions Changes in surgery

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY – With improving microscopes Edward Jenner was investigating smallpox in In 1847 James Simpson discovered that chloroform could
and an ever-advancing field of Science, work of people like be used as an anaesthetic. This solved the problem of pain
Pasteur and Koch were helped greatly by new technology. 1798. He noticed that milkmaids didn’t get and blood loss.
smallpox but did get cowpox. He took some
GOVERNMENT – The government had a mainly l’aissez cowpox pus from Sarah Nelmes, a milkmaid and Many objected to the use of anaesthetic because they
faire attitude towards matters of public health. As time placed it into a cut on a healthy boy James thought that pain was sent from God. However when
Queen Victoria used it in childbirth she declared it was
passed and the working class could vote, this changed. Phipps. When Phipps was later infected with “blessed chloroform” and many began using it afterward
COMMUNICATION – With ideas spreading quickly, smallpox he didn’t catch it.
competition between scientists spread up progress in Many people opposed vaccination through the
medicine as rivalries like Koch & Pasteur’s developed. Antic Vaccine Society, as they thought it was In 1867 Lister discovered that Carbolic Acid could be used
ungodly, Jenner couldn’t explain it and the to fight infection which was one of the biggest killers
INDIVIDUALS –.It’s undeniable that most of the work in within surgery. He had noticed it being used on sewers
the Industrial Revolution happens because individuals inoculators were losing money! and began to spray it on his patients, equipment and
begin to question and experiment more than before. himself.
Causes of disease In 1854 John Snow discovered that cholera was In 3 years he reduced his death rates from 46% to 15%.
waterborne by plotting the deaths around the Broad Other surgeons objected because it cracked their skin,
Street Pump. He had the handle removed and was expensive and took additional time.
Miasma – lots of people still believed this theory
such as Florence Nightingale who worked in the people stopped dying immediately when forced to
Crimea in 1854 and reduced the death rate by 2/3 use a different pump Key Words Inoculation – Physicians took a
by opening the windows and cleaning the portion of a disease and put it into healthy patients to
bedsheets every day. In 1842 Edwin Chadwick was commissioned by the protect them from the disease.
government to investigate the Sanitary Conditions Spontaneous Generation– The belief that microbes
Louis Pasteur discovers thatgerms cause disease of the Labouring Population. In his report he appeared out of nowhere and caused decay to occur.
when he is investigating why beer & wine was highlighted the poor conditions and suggested that Public Health– Concerning housing, water and waste.
turning bad. He disproves the theory of the rich should sort the housing, water and waste The conditions that the public are living in.
spontaneous generation. He uses a swan necked and appoint a Medical Health Officer. In 1848 the Anaesthetic – Something to slow the heart and send a
flask to prove this. government introduced the voluntary Public Health patient to sleep.
th
He couldn’t prove, though, which specific bacteria Act. Roughly 1/6 of local councils acted upon it. Antiseptic – Used to kill bacteria and prevent infection.
caused which disease. The ratepayers had a l’aissez faire attitude and didn’t L’aissez faire – The belief that the poor should be ‘left
want to spend their money on the poor. well alone’. That the rich shouldn’t help the poor.