Page 49 - Year 10 Knowledge Organiser

History: Medicine Through Time (Industrial): 3 of 5 History: Medicine Through Time (Modern): 4 of 5

Factors New preventions Changes in surgery Factors Causes of disease: DNA+ Lifestyle Key Words

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY – With improving microscopes Edward Jenner was investigating smallpox in In 1847 James Simpson discovered that chloroform could SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY – Advances in technology move Radiotherapy & Chemotherapy:
and an ever-advancing field of Science, work of people like be used as an anaesthetic. This solved the problem of pain rapidly in the 20 century with keyhole surgery, During the 1900s scientists were able to take the first Used to treat various cancers.
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Pasteur and Koch were helped greatly by new technology. 1798. He noticed that milkmaids didn’t get and blood loss. radiotherapy & chemotherapy all making huge advances. photographs of human cells due to improving electron NHS: National Health Service.
smallpox but did get cowpox. He took some microscopes. In 1953 Crick & Watson discovered the Health care paid for through
GOVERNMENT – The government had a mainly l’aissez cowpox pus from Sarah Nelmes, a milkmaid and Many objected to the use of anaesthetic because they GOVERNMENT – The government has taken a huge role structure of DNA and showed how it passed on information taxes, introduced in 1948.
faire attitude towards matters of public health. As time placed it into a cut on a healthy boy James thought that pain was sent from God. However when since 1900, to the extent that it is sometimes referred to as from parents to children. They worked with a huge team of Welfare: The health and
Queen Victoria used it in childbirth she declared it was
passed and the working class could vote, this changed. Phipps. When Phipps was later infected with “blessed chloroform” and many began using it afterward a ‘Nanny State’ because it’s now too involved in lives experts to do this & the government funded their expensive happiness of a group.
COMMUNICATION – With ideas spreading quickly, smallpox he didn’t catch it. COMMUNICATION – Communication has led to huge research. Sulphonamides: Chemical in early
competition between scientists spread up progress in Many people opposed vaccination through the developments in the 20 century – Florey & Chain’s mass magic bullets, used to treat specific
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medicine as rivalries like Koch & Pasteur’s developed. Antic Vaccine Society, as they thought it was In 1867 Lister discovered that Carbolic Acid could be used production of Penicillin being a key example. Between 1899-1901 Booth & Rowntree wrote reports about London & bacteria.
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ungodly, Jenner couldn’t explain it and the to fight infection which was one of the biggest killers York suggesting that around 1/3 of people there were living in extreme Genome: The complete set of
INDIVIDUALS –.It’s undeniable that most of the work in within surgery. He had noticed it being used on sewers INDIVIDUALS –.Many individuals contribute to progress poverty. After discovering this the government began to take some action. genes in a living creature.
the Industrial Revolution happens because individuals inoculators were losing money! and began to spray it on his patients, equipment and eg. Fleming, Ehrlich, Domagk, Florey, Chain, Bevan. Liberal Reforms in the early 1900s saw the introduction of Genetics: The study of genes
begin to question and experiment more than before. himself. However, it also sees individuals working together more. Free School Meals, National Insurance & the Nursing Act. and inherited traits. Antibiotics:
Causes of disease In 1854 John Snow discovered that cholera was In 3 years he reduced his death rates from 46% to 15%. A medicine which kills infection-
waterborne by plotting the deaths around the Broad Other surgeons objected because it cracked their skin, Advances in Treatment After the Wars, there was a call for the government to look after people causing bacteria. Liberal
Street Pump. He had the handle removed and was expensive and took additional time. who fought for England. In 1942 Beveridge wrote a report which suggested Reforms: Series of laws
Miasma – lots of people still believed this theory 1a) In 1928 Fleming left a pile pf petri that the government should provide health care for its’ people. In 1948, introduced in the early 1900s
such as Florence Nightingale who worked in the people stopped dying immediately when forced to dishes on his lab bench before going Bevan introduced the NHS after a long fight against the BMA. This was the which were designed at
Crimea in 1854 and reduced the death rate by 2/3 use a different pump Key Words Inoculation – Physicians took a on holiday. When he returned there epitome of the welfare state. improving the welfare of Britain.
by opening the windows and cleaning the portion of a disease and put it into healthy patients to was mould on one of them and
bedsheets every day. In 1842 Edwin Chadwick was commissioned by the protect them from the disease. around the outside, the staphylococci
government to investigate the Sanitary Conditions Spontaneous Generation– The belief that microbes bacteria had disappeared. He found it The government have offered advice on a variety of things, including HIV/AIDS and lung cancer.
Louis Pasteur discovers thatgerms cause disease of the Labouring Population. In his report he appeared out of nowhere and caused decay to occur. hard to create enough Penicillin to Lung cancer has increased greatly and over 90% of cases are attributed to smoking. The
when he is investigating why beer & wine was highlighted the poor conditions and suggested that Public Health– Concerning housing, water and waste. treat anything with so his discovery government has introduced things like the smoking ban in 2007 & changed laws on advertising
turning bad. He disproves the theory of the rich should sort the housing, water and waste The conditions that the public are living in. didn’t evolve much. & packaging to deter people from smoking.
spontaneous generation. He uses a swan necked and appoint a Medical Health Officer. In 1848 the Anaesthetic – Something to slow the heart and send a
flask to prove this. government introduced the voluntary Public Health patient to sleep. 1b) Then in 1938, two scientists called Florey and 1c) They eventually used Penicillin to treat Albert 2. The 1900s saw the rise of pharmaceutical companies
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He couldn’t prove, though, which specific bacteria Act. Roughly 1/6 of local councils acted upon it. Antiseptic – Used to kill bacteria and prevent infection. Chain were researching how bacteria could be Alexander who had septicaemia and successful treated like Boots. They funded research into specific medicines.
caused which disease. The ratepayers had a l’aissez faire attitude and didn’t L’aissez faire – The belief that the poor should be ‘left killed and found Fleming’s research papers. The the infection before running out. By 1941 with WWII In 1909, Ehrlich discovers the first magic bullet. A
want to spend their money on the poor. well alone’. That the rich shouldn’t help the poor. American government recognised the importance killing soldiers, the American government started manmade drug which killed specific bacteria – in this
of their work and funded them for 5 years’ research. releasing interest-free loans to companies to buy case, the bacteria which caused syphilis. He called it
They proved that the Penicillin could treat infections equipment to mass produce Penicillin. By D-Day in Salvarsan 606 because it took him 606 attempts to crack
in mice but needed 3000 times more Penicillin to 1944, over 2.3million doses were used to treat allied it. In the 1930s Domagk then discovered Prontosil
treat a human. They began growing it in whatever troops. It is estimated that it saved nearly 15% more which killed the bacteria causing septicaemia. These
they could. men than would have survived. drugs were based on sulphonamides.