Page 57 - Year 11 Knowledge Organiser

History (Superpower relations: The Cold War 1943-1991): 1 of 2 History (Superpower relations: The Cold War 1943-1991): 2 of 2

Cold War Background Hungarian Uprising 1956 The Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 The Berlin Wall Czechoslovakia 1968
• Grand Alliance of USA, USSR, Britain and France in WW2 to defeat Nazi •Encouraged by Khrushchev’s Secret •1959 Fidel Castro and Che Guevara •12 August 1961 East German •Alexander Dubcek introduced reforms ‘Socialism with a human Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan 1979
Germany speech which criticised the hard, topple the pro-American Leader Ulbricht ordered a face’. Not anti- communist, just wanted more freedom. This became • There was a communist revolution in Afghanistan in 1978
• Met at Tehran (1943) and Yalta (1945) to agree how to defeat Germany and repressive policies of Stalin government in Cuba. barbed wire fence around West known as the Prague Spring. and civil war broke out.
how Europe should look after the war. •Imre Nagy wanted to take Hungary •US boycotted buying Cuban sugar, Berlin to stop the refugee • Brezhnev worried about reforms spreading so invaded with
• Potsdam Conference (1945) agreed to de-nazify Germany and split it (and out of the Warsaw Pact and make the so Castro sold it to Khrushchev, and problem. 500,000 troops. Czechs didn’t fight back- learn their lesson from • USSR invaded in 1979 to help the communist government
Berlin) into 4 zones shared between the 4 allies. Agreed USA would have a country less repressive receive arms from USSR. •Soon grew to 165km, cutting Hungary!
sphere of influence in the West, and the USSR would have one in the East. •USSR sent in troops and executed •1961 CIA trained Cuban exiles to through streets and even •Brezhnev Doctrine- actions of any individual country affected whole • USA very unhappy with this and ended détente. Supported
• Atom bomb made and used by the USA in 1945 against Japan, began the Arms Nagy. Reforms undone. West didn’t invade Cuba and overthrow Castro buildings. Eastern Bloc, so he would use Warsaw Pact troops to stop any Afghan rebels (Mujahedeen)
Race. help at all despite promising to. (Bay of Pigs invasion) but failed as •Two walls separated by no reforms
USA backs out of air support and man’s land with booby traps, • Carter Doctrine- USA would use force to repel any threats
Increasing Tension The Berlin Ultimatum and Summits Cuban army superior to exiles. barbed wire, watch towers and Détente 1970s in Persian Gulf area, and introduced sanctions
Long and Novikov Telegrams 1946 : USA and USSR used their ambassadors to •By 1958 3 million East Germans had guards with machine guns • After the Cuban Missile Crisis the USA and USSR wanted to get
secretly report on the other country Both reported fears that their opponents were crossed to the West (1/3 pop) Showed Makes USA look very bad! •People tried to escape- 130 on better in the 1970s, this thaw (peaceful period) in the Cold • USA boycotted the Moscow Olympics in 1980. USSR then
building up their armies unpopularity of communism •Khrushchev sent nuclear missiles to killed, most famous was Peter War is called détente. boycotted LA Olympics in 1984
Truman Doctrine 1947: President Truman declared that he feared the spread of •Khrushchev wanted to take over Cuba to help defend from future US Fechter.
communism and said it was a threat to freedom- the USA had the right to use its West Berlin to stop this- 1958 attacks. USA discovers them in 1962 •Khrushchev had to abandon • Both needed to focus on economic and social problems at • Cost USSR $8 billion a year and 15,000 troops were killed.
military and economy to fight the spread of communism demanded West recognise East as •Kennedy decides to blockade Cuba plans for a united communist home, not war so SALT 1 in 1972 was signed - Strategic Arms
Marshall Plan 1947: USA offered $13 billion of aid to Europe to stop poverty leading independent country, and Berlin to be to stop missiles arriving from USSR. Germany and showed how Limitation Treaty. This limited the number of nuclear weapons
to communism demilitarised (Berlin Ultimatum) or he •Khrushchev sent a telegram saying unpopular communism was, but both sides had. Gorbachev’s New Thinking
This upset the USSR who thought USA was trying to bride its satellite states would hand control of Berlin transport he would remove missiles from it did stop the refugee problem •USSR couldn’t afford war in Afghanistan or new missiles to
Iron Curtain Speech 1947: Churchill declared Europe was divided into two spheres to the East government. Camp David Cuba if USA wouldn’t invade. and showed communism was in • Helsinki Accords 1975- agreed to respect borders, work for compete with USA, and living standards were low.
Cominform/Comecon: In response to the Marshall Plan the USSR united all Summit 1959 • Khrushchev then sent another control in the East closer relations and respect human rights. •Perestroika- reform economy to include some capitalist ideas
communist parties together from satellite states- Cominform. Also tried to tie all •Eisenhower and Khrushchev met and telegram adding he wanted US •The Berlin Wall became a •Glasnost- introduce more openness and less corruption in
satellite states together economically- Comecon missiles removed from Turkey too.
agreed to withdraw ultimatum. Paris symbol of freedom and defiance • SALT 2 1979- Tried to introduce restrictions on missiles, but USA government, allowed opposition to government.
Summit 1960 •Kennedy responded to first against communism, and didn’t trust the USSR after invasion of Afghanistan so US •Brezhnev Doctrine would also be dropped.
The Berlin Blockade (1947-1948) and its consequences • USSR shot down US U2 spy plane. US telegram publicly and second one showed Khrushchev had withdrew from talks. •Reagan saw this as an opportunity to end the Cold War
• USSR worried the Western allies were trying to unite West Germany into tried to cover up and Khrushchev secretly, increasing his reputation as accepted Western control in •Reykjavik Summit 1986- Gorbachev suggested phasing out
Trizonia so they blocked all road, rail and canal access to force them out of walked out of the meeting Vienna a strong leader, making Khrushchev Berlin •Kennedy’s ‘Ich Bin Ein Reagan’s Second Cold War nuclear weapons if USA gave up SDI. No agreement but
West Berlin. Summit 1961 look like he backed downmaybe why Berliner’ speech 1963 very •Reagan became President of USA in 1980, called the USSR an ‘evil improved relations.
• USA kept Wets Berlin supplies through a huge airlift of supplies for 11 months. • Khrushchev saw Kennedy as weak he was dismissed as leader of USSR popular empire’ and ended détente. •Planned the Strategic Defence Initiative •Washington Summit 1987- Agreed a treaty reducing abolishing
USSR eventually backed down. Couldn’t shoot down planes as would be act of and reissued Ultimatum. Kennedy in 1954 (SDI) 1983 nicknamed ‘Star Wars’- using satellites to destroy soviet intermediate range missiles
war. refused to make concessions, so •Moscow-Washington Hotline set missiles in space. •Malta Summit 1989- No new agreements but seen as the end of
• FRG and GDR- Germany became officially divided into 2 different countries- nothing was agreed. up and 3 treaties (Test Ban 1963, •USSR too poor to compete but didn’t know USA hadn’t actually made the Cold War as both sides announced peaceful intentions.
FRG in West and GDR in East. Berlin also official split. NATO- USA and Western Outer Space 1967, Non-Proliferation SDI yet. End of the Cold war came out shortly after when the Berlin Wall
European military alliance against USSR Warsaw Pact- USSR responded to 1968) signed to reduce testing and •Reagan increased funding for the Cold War and supported anti- was breeched in Nov 1989 and then the other countries in the
NATO by creating own military alliance of satellite states in Eastern Europe spread of nuclear weapons. communist groups in South America. Warsaw Pact began to break away from the USSR.